fix: remove masked duplicates in binding popover (#4855)

Here improved computing variables logic to exclude masked variables from
bindings popover list.

Also rewrote related tests with jsx template.

<img width="550" alt="Screenshot 2025-02-11 at 17 49 00"
src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/4a4995c6-90f2-4ec4-aa08-ff66e682e90d"
/>