go/analysis/passes/printf: extract operation parsing logic into tools/internal/fmtstr

[xzbdmw]

This CL made a refactor that extract operation parsing logic into
tools/internal/fmtstr package, so they can be used uniformly by
printf-analyzer for type checking, DocumentHighlight, and future
possibility for SemanticHighlight and rich Hover information with little effort.

Previously, the code responsible for parsing and validating printf-style
format strings was spread inline and blend together in printf.go,
in order to use it for documenthighligt/hover, this CL extends formatState
by encoding posRange and metainfo for every sub-item of a operation
(flag, width, precision, verb), and only expose those field, by that way
callers can compute necessary information from them for various usages.

Updates golang/go#70050

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