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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<!--
Copyright 2014 Pants project contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.md).
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (see LICENSE).
-->
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8"/>
<title>Tutorial</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="pants-logo.ico">
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Pants v1
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<div class="deprecated">Pants v1 is no longer maintained. See <a href="https://www.pantsbuild.org/">here</a> for the Pants v2 documentation.</div>
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<ul>
<li class="toc-h1 toc-heading">
Getting Started
</li>
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<a href="install.html">Installing Pants</a>
</li>
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<a href="setup_repo.html">Setting Up Pants</a>
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Tutorial
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Pants Basics
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<a href="why_use_pants.html">Why Use Pants?</a>
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<a href="3rdparty_py.html">Python 3rdparty Pattern</a>
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<a href="go_readme.html">Go support for Pants</a>
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<a href="node_readme.html">Node.js Support</a>
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Code & Doc Generation
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Getting Help
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Reference
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<a href="notes-1.30.x.html">1.30.x Stable Releases</a>
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<a href="notes-1.29.x.html">1.29.x Stable Releases</a>
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<a href="notes-1.28.x.html">1.28.x Stable Releases</a>
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<a href="notes-1.27.x.html">1.27.x Stable Releases</a>
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<a href="notes-1.26.x.html">1.26.x Stable Releases</a>
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<a href="notes-1.25.x.html">1.25.x Stable Releases</a>
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<a href="notes-1.24.x.html">1.24.x Stable Releases</a>
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<a href="notes-1.23.x.html">1.23.x Stable Releases</a>
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<a href="notes-1.22.x.html">1.22.x Stable Releases</a>
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<a href="notes-1.21.x.html">1.21.x Stable Releases</a>
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<a href="notes-1.20.x.html">1.20.x Stable Releases</a>
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<a href="notes-1.19.x.html">1.19.x Stable Releases</a>
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<a href="notes-1.18.x.html">1.18.x Stable Releases</a>
</li>
<li class="toc-h1 toc-link ">
<a href="notes-1.17.x.html">1.17.x Stable Releases</a>
</li>
<li class="toc-h1 toc-link ">
<a href="notes-1.16.x.html">1.16.x Stable Releases</a>
</li>
<li class="toc-h1 toc-link ">
<a href="notes-1.15.x.html">1.15.x Stable Releases</a>
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<a href="notes-1.14.x.html">1.14.x Stable Releases</a>
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<a href="notes-1.13.x.html">1.13.x Stable Releases</a>
</li>
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<a href="notes-1.12.x.html">1.12.x Stable Releases</a>
</li>
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<a href="notes-1.11.x.html">1.11.x Stable Releases</a>
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<a href="notes-1.10.x.html">1.10.x Stable Releases</a>
</li>
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<a href="notes-1.9.x.html">1.9.x Stable Releases</a>
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<li class="toc-h1 toc-link ">
<a href="notes-1.8.x.html">1.8.x Stable Releases</a>
</li>
<li class="toc-h1 toc-link ">
<a href="notes-1.7.x.html">1.7.x Stable Releases</a>
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<li class="toc-h1 toc-link ">
<a href="notes-1.6.x.html">1.6.x Stable Releases</a>
</li>
<li class="toc-h1 toc-link ">
<a href="notes-1.5.x.html">1.5.x Stable Releases</a>
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<li class="toc-h1 toc-link ">
<a href="notes-1.4.x.html">1.4.x Stable Releases</a>
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<li class="toc-h1 toc-link ">
<a href="notes-1.3.x.html">1.3.x Stable Releases</a>
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<li class="toc-h1 toc-link ">
<a href="notes-1.2.x.html">1.2.x Stable Releases</a>
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<a href="notes-1.1.x.html">1.1.x Stable Releases</a>
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<a href="notes-1.0.x.html">1.0.x Stable Releases</a>
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Developer
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<a href="dev.html">Pants Developer Center</a>
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<a href="export.html">Export Format</a>
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Blogs
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<a href="coursier_migration.html">Twitter's Coursier Migration</a>
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<ul>
<li class="toc-h1"><a href="#pants-command-line">Pants Command Line</a></li>
<li class="toc-h2"><a href="#output">Output</a></li>
<li class="toc-h2"><a href="#multiple-goals-multiple-targets">Multiple Goals, Multiple Targets</a></li>
<li class="toc-h2"><a href="#command-line-options">Command-line Options</a></li>
<li class="toc-h2"><a href="#help">Help</a></li>
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<li class="toc-h1"><a href="#build-files">BUILD Files</a></li>
<li class="toc-h2"><a href="#anatomy-of-a-build-target">Anatomy of a BUILD Target</a></li>
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.codehilite .bp { color: #007020 } /* Name.Builtin.Pseudo */
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.codehilite .il { color: #40a070 } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */
</style>
<h1 id="tutorial">Tutorial</h1>
<p>This tutorial walks you through some first steps with Pants.
It assumes you're already familiar with
<a href="first_concepts.html">basic Pants build concepts</a>,
and that you're working in a source tree that already has <code>pants</code> installed (such as
Pants's own repo:
<a href="https://github.com/pantsbuild/pants">pantsbuild/pants</a>).</p>
<p>The first time you run <code>pants</code>, try it without arguments. This makes
Pants "bootstrap" itself, downloading and compiling things it needs:</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span>$ ./pants goals
</pre></div>
<p>Now you're ready to invoke pants for more useful things.</p>
<p>You invoke pants with <em>goals</em> (like <code>test</code> or <code>bundle</code>) and the <em>targets</em> to use (like
<code>src/python/myproject/example:tests</code>). For
example,</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span>$ ./pants <span class="nb">test</span> src/python/myproject/example:tests
</pre></div>
<p>Goals (the "verbs" of Pants) produce new files from targets (the "nouns").</p>
<p>As a code author, you define your code's build targets in BUILD files. A
build target might produce some output file[s]; it might have sources
and/or depend on other build targets. There might be several BUILD files
in the codebase; a target in one can depend on a target in another.
Typically, a directory's BUILD file defines the target[s] whose sources
are files in that directory.</p>
<h2 id="pants-command-line">Pants Command Line</h2>
<p>Pants knows about goals ("verbs" like <code>bundle</code> and <code>test</code>) and targets
(build-able things in your source code). A typical pants command-line
invocation looks like</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span>$ ./pants <span class="nb">test</span> src/python/myproject/example:tests
</pre></div>
<p>Looking at the pieces of this we see</p>
<p><code>./pants</code><br/>
That <code>./</code> isn't a typo. A source tree that's been set up with Pants
build has a <code>pants</code> executable in its top-level directory.</p>
<p>The first time you run <code>./pants</code>, it might take a while: it will probably auto-update by
downloading the latest version.</p>
<p><code>test</code><br/>
<code>test</code> is a <em>goal</em>, a "verb" that Pants knows about. The <code>test</code> goal runs tests and reports results.</p>
<p>Some goals are <code>gen</code> (generate code from Thrift, Antlr, Protocol
Buffer), <code>compile</code>, <code>run</code> (run a binary), and <code>test</code> (run tests and report results). Pants
knows that some of these goals depend on each other. E.g., in this
example, before it run tests, it must compile the code.</p>
<p>You can specify more than one goal on a command line. E.g., to run
tests <em>and</em> run a binary, we could have said <code>./pants test run ...</code></p>
<p><code>src/python/myproject/example:tests</code><br/>
This is a <em>build target</em>, a "build-able" thing in your source code. To
define these, you set up configuration files named <code>BUILD</code> in your
source code file tree. (You'll see more about these later.)</p>
<p>Targets can depend on other targets. E.g., a test target normally depends on another target
containing "library" code to test; to build and run the test code, Pants also first builds the
library code.</p>
<p>You can specify more than one target on a command line. Pants will carry
out its goals on all specified targets. E.g., you might use this to
to run a few directories' worth of tests.</p>
<h3 id="output">Output</h3>
<p>Pants produces files, both build outputs and intermediate files
generated "along the way". These files live in directories under the
top-level directory:</p>
<p><code>dist/</code><br/>
By default, build outputs go in the <code>dist/</code> directory. So far, you've
just run the <code>test</code> goal, which doesn't output a file. But if you'd
instead invoked, for example, the <code>bundle</code> goal on a <code>jvm_app</code> target,
Pants would have populated this directory with many JVM <code>.jar</code> files.</p>
<p><code>.pants.d/</code><br/>
Intermediate files go in the <code>.pants.d/</code> directory. You don't want to
rely on files in there; if the Pants implementation changes, it's likely
to change how it uses intermediate files. You don't want to edit/delete
files in there; you may confuse Pants. But if you want to peek at some
generated code, the code is probably in here somewhere.</p>
<h3 id="multiple-goals-multiple-targets">Multiple Goals, Multiple Targets</h3>
<p>You can specify multiple goals and multiple targets. Pants applies all
the goals to all the targets, skipping things that wouldn't make sense.
E.g., you could</p>
<ul>
<li>Invoke <code>test</code> and <code>run</code> goals to both run tests and run a binary.</li>
<li>Specify both test and binary targets.</li>
</ul>
<p>In this example, it doesn't make sense to run a binary target as a test, so
Pants doesn't do that.</p>
<p><a id="tut_goal_target_mismatch" pantsmark="tut_goal_target_mismatch"></a></p>
<p><em>Goal-Target Mismatch</em></p>
<p>One tricky side effect of this is accidental <em>goal-target mismatch</em>: You
can invoke a goal that doesn't make sense for a target. E.g., you can
invoke the <code>test</code> goal on a target that's not actually a test target. Pants won't
complain. It knows that it should compile code before it tests it; it
will happily compile the build targets. If you're not watching closely,
you might see a lot of output scrolling past and think it was running
tests.</p>
<h3 id="command-line-options">Command-line Options</h3>
<p>You can specify some details of Pants' actions by means of command-line options. E.g., you could
tell Pants to "fail fast" on the first <code>junit</code> test failure instead of running and reporting all
<code>junit</code> tests like so:</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span>$ ./pants test.junit --fail-fast src/java/com/myorg/myproject/example/hello:tests
</pre></div>
<p>Here, <code>test</code> has become <code>test.junit</code>. The <code>test</code> goal is made up of parts, or <em>tasks</em>: <code>test.junit</code>,
<code>test.pytest</code>, and <code>test.specs</code>. We want to specify a flag to the <code>test.junit</code> task, so we
specify that part on the command line. (Pants still runs the other parts of the <code>test</code> goal.
The dotted notation tells Pants where to apply options.)</p>
<p>We entered the <code>--fail-fast</code> flag after <code>test.junit</code> but before the target. Command-line flags
for a goal or task go immediately after that goal or task.</p>
<p>You can specify options for more than one part of a goal. For example,</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span>$ ./pants test.junit --fail-fast test.pytest --no-fail-fast src/java:: src/python::
</pre></div>
<p>Here, the <code>--fail-fast</code> flag affects <code>test.junit</code> and <code>--no-fail-fast</code> affects <code>test.pytest</code>.</p>
<p>Pants has some global options, options not associated with just one goal. For example,
If you pass the global <code>-ldebug</code> flag after the word <code>goal</code> but before any particular goal or
task, you get verbose debug-level logging for all goals:</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span>$ ./pants -ldebug <span class="nb">test</span> src/java/myproject/example/hello:tests
<span class="m">09</span>:18:53 <span class="m">00</span>:00 <span class="o">[</span>main<span class="o">]</span>
<span class="o">(</span>To run a reporting server: ./pants server<span class="o">)</span>
<span class="m">09</span>:18:53 <span class="m">00</span>:00 <span class="o">[</span>bootstrap<span class="o">]</span>
<span class="m">09</span>:18:54 <span class="m">00</span>:01 <span class="o">[</span>setup<span class="o">]</span>
<span class="m">09</span>:18:54 <span class="m">00</span>:01 <span class="o">[</span>parse<span class="o">]</span>DEBUG<span class="o">]</span> Located Distribution<span class="o">(</span>u<span class="s1">'/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.7.0_60.jdk/Contents/Home/bin'</span>, <span class="nv">minimum_version</span><span class="o">=</span>None, <span class="nv">maximum_version</span><span class="o">=</span>None <span class="nv">jdk</span><span class="o">=</span>False<span class="o">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> constraints: minimum_version None, maximum_version None, jdk False
DEBUG<span class="o">]</span> Selected protoc binary bootstrapped to: /Users/lhosken/.pants.d/bin/protobuf/mac/10.9/2.4.1/protoc
DEBUG<span class="o">]</span> Selected thrift binary bootstrapped to: /Users/lhosken/.pants.d/bin/thrift/mac/10.9/0.5.0-finagle/thrift
...lots of build output...
</pre></div>
<p>For details about the Pants command line, see <a href="invoking.html">Invoking Pants</a>.</p>
<h3 id="help">Help</h3>
<p>To get help about a Pants goal, invoke <tt>./pants <em>goalname</em> -h</tt>. This lists
command-line options for that goal. E.g.,</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span>$ ./pants <span class="nb">test</span> -h
cache.test options:
--<span class="o">[</span>no-<span class="o">]</span>cache-test-read <span class="o">(</span>default: True<span class="o">)</span>
Read build artifacts from cache, <span class="k">if</span> available.
--<span class="o">[</span>no-<span class="o">]</span>cache-test-write <span class="o">(</span>default: True<span class="o">)</span>
Write build artifacts to cache, <span class="k">if</span> available.
test.go options:
Runs <span class="sb">`</span>go <span class="nb">test</span><span class="sb">`</span> on Go packages.
--<span class="o">[</span>no-<span class="o">]</span>test-go-remote <span class="o">(</span>default: False<span class="o">)</span>
Enables running tests found in go_remote_libraries.
--test-go-build-and-test-flags<span class="o">=</span><str> <span class="o">(</span>default: <span class="o">)</span>
Flags to pass in to <span class="sb">`</span>go <span class="nb">test</span><span class="sb">`</span> tool.
...more <span class="nb">test</span> options...
test.junit options:
--test-junit-confs<span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"['str1','str2',...]"</span> <span class="o">(</span>--test-junit-confs<span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"['str1','str2',...]"</span><span class="o">)</span> ... <span class="o">(</span>default: <span class="o">[</span><span class="s1">'default'</span><span class="o">])</span>
Use only these Ivy configurations of external deps.
--<span class="o">[</span>no-<span class="o">]</span>test-junit-skip <span class="o">(</span>default: False<span class="o">)</span>
Skip running junit.
--<span class="o">[</span>no-<span class="o">]</span>test-junit-fail-fast <span class="o">(</span>default: False<span class="o">)</span>
Fail fast on the first <span class="nb">test</span> failure in a suite.
...many more <span class="nb">test</span> options...
</pre></div>
<p>The <code>test</code> goal is made up of parts, or <em>tasks</em> such as <code>test.junit</code> and <code>test.pytest</code>.
Command-line options apply to those tasks. The goal's help groups options by task. E.g., here, it
shows the <code>test.go</code> <code>--test-go-build-and-test-flags</code> option with <code>test.go</code>.</p>
<p>For a list of available goals, <code>./pants goals</code>.</p>
<p>For help with things that aren't goals (global options, other kinds of help), use</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span>$ ./pants -h
</pre></div>
<p>If you want help diagnosing some strange Pants behavior, you might want verbose output.
To get this, instead of just invoking <code>./pants</code>, set some environment variables and request
more logging: <code>PEX_VERBOSE=5 ./pants -ldebug</code>.</p>
<h3 id="pantstoml">pants.toml</h3>
<p>Pants allows you to also specify options in a config file. If you want to always run pants
with a particular option, you can configure it in a file at the root of the repo named <code>pants.toml</code></p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="k">[default]</span>
<span class="n">jvm_options</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">["-Xmx1g", "-Dfile.encoding=UTF8"]</span>
<span class="k">[test.junit]</span>
<span class="n">fail-fast</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">true</span>
</pre></div>
<p>For more information on the <code>pants.toml</code> file format, see
<a href="options.html">Options</a>.</p>
<h2 id="build-files">BUILD Files</h2>
<p>When we ran the <code>pants test</code> goal, we told pants what target to build, but where are these
targets defined? Scattered around the source tree are <code>BUILD</code> files. These <code>BUILD</code> files
define targets. For example, this code snippet of <code>java/org/pantsbuild/example/hello/main/BUILD</code>
defines two targets: the app we ran and the binary that contains its code.
These targets are named <code>main</code> (of type <code>jvm_app</code>) and and <code>main-bin</code> (of type <code>jvm_binary</code>):</p>
<p>
<div class="md-included-snippet"><div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Note that the target has no explicit name, so it defaults to the name</span>
<span class="c1"># of the directory, in this case 'main'.</span>
<span class="n">jvm_app</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">basename</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'hello-example'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">dependencies</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="s1">':main-bin'</span>
<span class="p">],</span>
<span class="n">bundles</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="n">bundle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">relative_to</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'config'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fileset</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'config/*'</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># The binary, the "runnable" part:</span>
<span class="n">jvm_binary</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'main-bin'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">dependencies</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="s1">'examples/src/java/org/pantsbuild/example/hello/greet'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'examples/src/resources/org/pantsbuild/example/hello'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">],</span>
<span class="n">sources</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'HelloMain.java'</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="n">main</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'org.pantsbuild.example.hello.main.HelloMain'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">basename</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'hello-example'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</p>
<p>Those <code>dependencies</code> statements are interesting.
The <code>main-bin</code> build target depends on other build targets;
its <code>dependencies</code> lists those.
To build a runnable Java binary, we need to first compile its dependencies.
The <code>main-bin</code> binary's dependency,
<code>'examples/src/java/org/pantsbuild/example/hello/greet'</code>, is the <em>address</em> of
another target. Addresses look, roughly, like <code>path/to/dir:targetname</code>. We can see this build
target in the <code>.../hello/greet/BUILD</code> file:</p>
<p>
<div class="md-included-snippet"><div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Note that the target has no explicit name, so it defaults to the name</span>
<span class="c1"># of the directory, in this case 'greet'.</span>
<span class="c1"># It also has no explicit sources, so it defaults to the sources implied</span>
<span class="c1"># by the target type, in this case "['*.java']".</span>
<span class="n">java_library</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">dependencies</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[],</span> <span class="c1"># A more realistic example would depend on other libs,</span>
<span class="c1"># but this "hello world" is pretty simple.</span>
<span class="n">provides</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">artifact</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">org</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'org.pantsbuild.example'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'hello-greet'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">repo</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">public</span><span class="p">,),</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</p>
<p>Pants uses dependency information to figure out how to build your code.
You might find it useful for other purposes, too. For example, if you
change a library's code, you might want to know which test targets
depend on that library: you might want to run those tests to make sure
they still work.</p>
<h3 id="anatomy-of-a-build-target">Anatomy of a <code>BUILD</code> Target</h3>
<p>A target definition in a <code>BUILD</code> file looks something like</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="n">java_library</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'util'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">dependencies</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="s1">'3rdparty:commons-math'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'3rdparty:thrift'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'src/java/com/myorg/myproject/example'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">':base'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">],</span>
<span class="n">sources</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'*.java'</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Here, <code>java_library</code> is the target's <em>type</em>. Different target types
support different arguments. The following arguments are pretty common:</p>
<p><strong>name</strong><br/>
We use a target's name to refer to the target. If you omit the name,
it defaults to the name of the directory the <code>BUILD</code> file is in.</p>
<p>You use names on the command line to specify which targets to operate on.
You also use names in <code>BUILD</code> files when one target refers to another,
e.g. in <code>dependencies</code>:</p>
<p><strong>dependencies</strong><br/>
List of things this target depends upon. If this target's code imports
code that "lives" in other targets, list those targets here. If this
target imports code that "lives" in <code>.jar</code>s/<code>.egg</code>s from elsewhere,
refer to them here.</p>
<p><strong>sources</strong><br/>
List of source files, which must be under the directory tree rooted
at the BUILD file's directory.</p>
<p>You can provide explicit file names and also use globs, e.g. <code>sources=['Foo.java', 'subdir/**/*.java']</code>. To exclude a file or glob, prefix the value with <code>!</code>, e.g. <code>sources=['*.java', '!ignore.java']</code>.</p>
<p>If you omit <code>sources</code> in a target, Pants will attempt to apply a
sensible default that depends on the target type.
For example, <code>junit_tests</code> will default to <code>sources=['*Test.java']</code>, while <code>java_library</code> will default to <code>sources=['*.java', '!*Test.java']</code>.</p>
<h2 id="the-usual-commands">The Usual Commands</h2>
<p><strong>Make sure code compiles and tests pass:</strong><br/>
Use the <code>test</code> goal with the targets you're interested in. If they are
test targets, Pants runs the tests. If they aren't test targets, Pants
will still compile them since it knows it must compile before it can
test.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span>$ ./pants <span class="nb">test</span> src/python:: src/java::
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Run a binary</strong><br/>
Use pants to execute a binary target. Compiles the code first if it is not up to date.</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span>$ ./pants run src/python/myproject/example:my_script
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Get Help</strong><br/>
Get the list of goals:</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span>$ ./pants goals
</pre></div>
<p>Get help for one goal, e.g., test:</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span>$ ./pants <span class="nb">test</span> -h
</pre></div>
<h2 id="next">Next</h2>
<p>To learn more about working with Python projects, see the
<a href="python_readme.html">Python Tutorial</a>.</p>
<p>To learn more about working with Java/JVM projects, see the
<a href="jvm_projects.html">Java Tutorial</a></p>
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