Data Structure and Control Flow.md

Data Structures in Original Language

Introduction

Original Language supports a variety of data structures to store and manipulate data efficiently. This section introduces the built-in data structures and how to use them effectively in your programs.

Supported Data Structures

• Lists: Dynamic arrays capable of holding elements of different types.
• Dictionaries: Key-value pairs for efficient lookup and storage.
• Sets: Collections of unique elements, useful for mathematical operations.
• Records: Custom data structures with named fields, allowing structured data organization.

Lists

Syntax

Lists in Original Language are defined using square brackets [] and can contain elements of any type.

Example

let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"];

Operations

• Accessing Elements: Use index notation [index] to access elements.
• Appending Elements: Use push method to add elements to the end.
• Iterating: Use for element in list { ... } to iterate over elements.

Example

let numbers = [1, 2, 3];
print(numbers[0]);  # Output: 1

numbers.push(4);
for num in numbers {
    print(num);
}

Dictionaries

Syntax

Dictionaries in Original Language use curly braces {} and store key-value pairs where keys and values can be of any type.

Example

let ages = {"Alice": 30, "Bob": 25, "Carol": 28};

Operations

• Accessing Values: Use dict[key] to retrieve values by key.
• Adding/Updating Entries: Assign a value to a key to add or update entries.
• Iterating: Use for key in dict { ... } to iterate over keys or for key, value in dict { ... } to iterate over key-value pairs.

Example

let ages = {"Alice": 30, "Bob": 25, "Carol": 28};
print(ages["Alice"]);  # Output: 30

ages["David"] = 22;  # Adding a new entry
for person in ages {
    print(person + " is " + ages[person] + " years old");
}

Sets

Syntax

Sets in Original Language are defined using curly braces {} and store unique elements.

Example

let unique_numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

Operations

• Adding Elements: Use add method to add elements to the set.
• Set Operations: Supports operations like union, intersection, and difference.
• Iterating: Use for element in set { ... } to iterate over elements.

Example

let set1 = {1, 2, 3};
let set2 = {3, 4, 5};

let union_set = set1.union(set2);
print(union_set);  # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Records

Syntax

Records in Original Language are defined using the record keyword and consist of named fields with specified types.

Example

record Person {
    name: string;
    age: int;
}

Operations

• Creating Instances: Instantiate records with specified values for each field.
• Accessing Fields: Use dot notation (record.field) to access fields.

Example

let person = Person{name: "Alice", age: 30};
print("Name: " + person.name + ", Age: " + person.age);

Control Flow in Original Language

For Loops

For loops in Original Language allow iterating over collections such as lists, sets, and dictionaries.

Syntax

let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
for num in numbers {
    print(num);
}

Operations

• Iterating: Use for item in collection { ... } to iterate over elements in a collection.
• Support for Lists, Sets, and Dictionaries: Iterate over elements in lists, sets, or key-value pairs in dictionaries.

Example

let fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"];
for fruit in fruits {
    print("Fruit: " + fruit);
}

let ages = {"Alice": 30, "Bob": 25, "Carol": 28};
for person, age in ages {
    print(person + " is " + age + " years old");
}