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linux-kernel-defence-map.dot
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//
// Linux Kernel Defence Map showing the relationships between:
// - Vulnerability classes
// - Exploitation techniques
// - Bug detection mechanisms
// - Defence technologies
//
// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Alexander Popov <[email protected]>
// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-only
//
// The node connections don't mean "full mitigation."
// Rather, each connection represents some kind of relationship.
// So this map should help to navigate the documentation and Linux kernel sources.
// See the references in README.md.
//
// This map describes kernel security hardening.
// It doesn't cover cutting attack surface, userspace security features
// and policies enforced by various Linux Security Modules (LSM).
//
// It is written in DOT language.
// How to generate svg:
// dot -Tsvg linux-kernel-defence-map.dot -o linux-kernel-defence-map.svg
//
digraph {
labelloc=top;
fontsize=30;
fontname=monospace;
label="Linux Kernel Defence Map";
compound=true;
nodesep=0.5;
splines=line;
remincross=true;
rankdir=LR;
node [style=filled, fontname=monospace, margin="0.22,0.055"];
edge [penwidth=1.5];
subgraph cluster_legend {
fontsize=25;
label="Legend:";
style="solid";
margin=35;
"Mainline Defences" [shape=oval, color=palegreen3];
"Out-of-tree Defences" [shape=oval, color=cornflowerblue];
"Commercial Defences" [shape=oval, color=lightgrey];
"HW Defences" [shape=oval, color=aquamarine];
"Generic Defence Techniques" [shape=oval, color=black, style=solid];
"Bug Detection" [shape=octagon, color=mediumpurple];
"Vulnerabilities" [shape=box, color=pink];
"Exploitation Techniques" [shape=box, color=gold];
}
// For pretty legend layout:
edge [arrowhead=none, style=invis];
"Mainline Defences":e -> "Out-of-tree Defences":w;
"Out-of-tree Defences":e -> "Commercial Defences":w;
"Commercial Defences":e -> "HW Defences":w;
"Generic Defence Techniques":e -> "Bug Detection":w;
"Bug Detection":e -> "Vulnerabilities":w;
"Vulnerabilities":e -> "Exploitation Techniques":w;
// Defences
{
rank=same;
// Mainline Defences
node [shape=oval, color=palegreen3, style=filled];
"DEBUG_{LIST,SG,NOTIFIERS,VIRTUAL}";
"SLAB_FREELIST_RANDOM";
"SHUFFLE_PAGE_ALLOCATOR";
"STRICT_{KERNEL,MODULE}_RWX";
"DEBUG_WX";
"ARM64: RODATA_FULL_DEFAULT_ENABLED";
"BUG_ON_DATA_CORRUPTION";
"MODULE_SIG*";
"bpf_jit_harden";
"DEFAULT_MMAP_MIN_ADDR=65536";
"SCHED_STACK_END_CHECK";
"slab_nomerge"; // similar to disabled SLAB_MERGE_DEFAULT
"LOCKDOWN_LSM";
"LDISC_AUTOLOAD is not set";
"STACKPROTECTOR";
"ARM64: KASAN_HW_TAGS with ARM64_MTE" [fontsize=11];
"Read-only swapper_pg_dir";
"X86_64: pti=on (MITIGATION_PAGE_TABLE_ISOLATION)" [fontsize=11];
"HW_RANDOM_TPM";
"RANDOM_KMALLOC_CACHES";
"PAGE_TABLE_CHECK*";
"RESET_ATTACK_MITIGATION";
"SLAB_BUCKETS";
// Out-of-tree Defences
node [shape=oval, color=cornflowerblue];
"XPFO";
"PROTECTABLE_MEMORY";
"request_module_cap()";
"Linux Kernel Runtime Guard"; // Disable MODULE_UNLOAD to make bypass harder
"SLAB_VIRTUAL";
"SLAB_PER_SITE";
// Commercial Defences
node [shape=oval, color=lightgrey];
"GRKERNSEC_KSTACKOVERFLOW";
"PAX_REFCOUNT";
"PAX_SIZE_OVERFLOW";
"PAX_USERCOPY";
"PAX_KERNEXEC";
"GRKERNSEC_JIT_HARDEN";
"PAX_MEMORY_STACKLEAK";
"GRKERNSEC_MODHARDEN";
grsecurity_hardened_usermodehelper [label="by default in grsecurity"];
"AUTOSLAB";
"PAX_LATENT_ENTROPY";
}
subgraph cluster_cfi {
label="Control Flow Integrity";
fontsize=16;
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=15;
// Generic Defence Techniques
node [shape=oval, color=black, style=solid];
"Coarse-grained Forward-edge CFI" [fontsize=11];
"Fine-grained Forward-edge CFI" [fontsize=11];
"Backward-edge CFI";
}
subgraph cluster_cwe514_mitigations {
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=35;
node [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defences
"mitigations=auto,nosmt";
"CPU_MITIGATIONS";
"X86_64: MICROCODE";
"X86_64: MITIGATION_*";
"X86_64: SCHED_CORE";
"ARM64: MITIGATE_SPECTRE_BRANCH_HISTORY" [fontsize=11];
"ARM64: HARDEN_BRANCH_PREDICTOR";
"ARM64: UNMAP_KERNEL_AT_EL0";
"ARM64: ARM64_E0PD";
"RESPECTRE" [shape=oval, color=lightgrey]; // Commercial Defence
}
subgraph cluster_smap_pan_uderef {
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=15;
"SMAP/PAN" [shape=oval, color=aquamarine]; // HW Defence
"PAX_UDEREF" [shape=oval, color=lightgrey]; // Commercial Defence
}
subgraph cluster_smep_pxn {
label="";
rank=same;
style="invis";
margin=15;
"SMEP/PXN" [shape=oval, color=aquamarine]; // HW Defences
}
subgraph cluster_ro {
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=15;
// Commercial Defences
node [shape=oval, color=lightgrey];
"__read_only";
"PAX_CONSTIFY_PLUGIN";
}
subgraph cluster_layout_randomization_margin {
label="";
style="invis";
margin=25;
subgraph cluster_layout_randomization {
label="Layout Randomization";
rank=same;
fontsize=18;
style="dashed";
margin=15;
"RANDOMIZE_BASE" [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defence
"X86_64: RANDOMIZE_MEMORY" [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defence
"ARM64: RANDOMIZE_MODULE_REGION_FULL" [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defence
"GRKERNSEC_RANDSTRUCT" [shape=oval, color=lightgrey]; // Commercial Defence
"PAX_RANDKSTACK" [shape=oval, color=lightgrey]; // Commercial Defence
}
}
subgraph cluster_info_exposure_mitigations {
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=15;
"X86_64: X86_INTEL_UMIP" [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defence
"kptr_restrict" [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defence
"GRKERNSEC_HIDESYM" [shape=oval, color=lightgrey]; // Commercial Defence
"GRKERNSEC_DMESG" [shape=oval, color=lightgrey]; // Commercial Defence
}
subgraph cluster_freelist_hardening {
label="";
rank=same;
style="invis";
margin=15;
"SLAB_FREELIST_HARDENED" [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defence
grsecurity_hardened_freelist [label="by default in grsecurity", shape=oval, color=lightgrey]; // Commercial Defence
}
subgraph cluster_stack_init {
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=15;
"INIT_STACK_ALL_ZERO" [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defence
"PAX_MEMORY_STRUCTLEAK" [shape=oval, color=lightgrey]; // Commercial Defence
}
subgraph cluster_heap_erasing {
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=15;
"Heap free() Poisoning" [shape=oval, color=black, style=solid]; // Generic Defence Technique
"init_on_alloc" [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defence
}
subgraph cluster_oob_detection {
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=15;
node [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defence
"FORTIFY_SOURCE";
"UBSAN_BOUNDS";
}
subgraph cluster_iommu {
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=15;
node [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defence
"IOMMU_SUPPORT";
"IOMMU_DEFAULT_DMA_STRICT";
"EFI_DISABLE_PCI_DMA";
"X86_64: iommu=force";
"X86_64: INTEL_IOMMU";
"X86_64: INTEL_IOMMU_DEFAULT_ON";
"X86_64: INTEL_IOMMU_SVM";
"X86_64: AMD_IOMMU";
"ARM64: ARM_SMMU";
"ARM64: ARM_SMMU_V3";
"ARM64: ARM_SMMU_DISABLE_BYPASS_BY_DEFAULT";
}
// Defences: child nodes
{
rank=same;
// Mainline Defences
node [shape=oval, color=palegreen3];
"REFCOUNT_FULL";
"HARDENED_USERCOPY";
"VMAP_STACK";
"THREAD_INFO_IN_TASK";
"RANDSTRUCT";
"STRUCTLEAK_BYREF_ALL";
"LATENT_ENTROPY";
"__ro_after_init";
"SECURITY_DMESG_RESTRICT";
"ARM64: CPU_SW_DOMAIN_PAN";
"ARM64: ARM64_SW_TTBR0_PAN";
"STATIC_USERMODEHELPER";
"slub_debug=P"; // object and padding poisoning
"init_on_free";
"PAGE_POISONING*";
"STACKLEAK";
"RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET_DEFAULT";
"CFI_CLANG (KCFI)";
"ARM64: SHADOW_CALL_STACK" [fontsize=11];
// Out-of-tree Defences
node [shape=oval, color=cornflowerblue];
// Commercial Defences
node [shape=oval, color=lightgrey];
"PAX_RAP";
"PAX_MEMORY_SANITIZE";
// HW Defences
node [shape=oval, color=aquamarine];
"ARM64: ARM64_PTR_AUTH_KERNEL" [fontsize=12];
"ARM64: ARM64_BTI_KERNEL";
}
subgraph cluster_cet {
label="";
rank=same;
style="invis";
margin=10;
"X86_64: Intel CET" [shape=oval, color=aquamarine]; // HW Defence
"X86_64: X86_KERNEL_IBT" [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defence
"X86_64: X86_SHADOW_STACK" [shape=oval, color=cornflowerblue]; // Out-of-tree Defence
}
subgraph cluster_cwe514_mitigations_2 {
// Parts of "mitigations=auto,nosmt"
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=35;
node [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defence
"X86_64: spectre_v2";
"X86_64: spectre_v2_user";
"X86_64: spectre_bhi";
"X86_64: spec_store_bypass_disable" [fontsize=11];
"X86_64: l1tf";
"X86_64: mds";
"X86_64: tsx_async_abort";
"X86_64: srbds";
"X86_64: mmio_stale_data";
"X86_64: retbleed";
"X86_64: spec_rstack_overflow";
"X86_64: gather_data_sampling";
"X86_64: reg_file_data_sampling";
"ARM64: kpti";
"ARM64: ssbd";
}
// Defences relations
edge [style=dashed, arrowhead=none, dir=none, headport=_, tailport=_];
"CFI_CLANG (KCFI)":e -> "Fine-grained Forward-edge CFI":w;
"ARM64: ARM64_BTI_KERNEL":e -> "Coarse-grained Forward-edge CFI":w;
"X86_64: Intel CET":e -> "Coarse-grained Forward-edge CFI":w [style=invis];
"X86_64: Intel CET":e -> "Backward-edge CFI":w [style=invis];
"X86_64: X86_KERNEL_IBT":e -> "Coarse-grained Forward-edge CFI":w;
"X86_64: X86_KERNEL_IBT" -> "X86_64: Intel CET" [constraint=false, style=dotted, penwidth=3];
"X86_64: X86_SHADOW_STACK":e -> "Backward-edge CFI":w;
"X86_64: X86_SHADOW_STACK" -> "X86_64: Intel CET" [constraint=false, style=dotted, penwidth=3];
"PAX_RAP":e -> "Fine-grained Forward-edge CFI":w;
"PAX_RAP":e -> "Backward-edge CFI":w;
"ARM64: ARM64_PTR_AUTH_KERNEL":e -> "Backward-edge CFI":w;
"ARM64: SHADOW_CALL_STACK":e -> "Backward-edge CFI":w;
"PAX_MEMORY_SANITIZE":e -> "Heap free() Poisoning":w;
"slub_debug=P":e -> "Heap free() Poisoning":w;
"init_on_free":e -> "Heap free() Poisoning":w;
"PAGE_POISONING*":e -> "Heap free() Poisoning":w;
edge [style=dotted, arrowhead=none, dir=none, headport=_, tailport=_, penwidth=3];
"REFCOUNT_FULL":e -> "PAX_REFCOUNT":w;
"HARDENED_USERCOPY":e -> "PAX_USERCOPY":w;
"VMAP_STACK":e -> "GRKERNSEC_KSTACKOVERFLOW":w;
"THREAD_INFO_IN_TASK":e -> "GRKERNSEC_KSTACKOVERFLOW":w;
"RANDSTRUCT":e -> "GRKERNSEC_RANDSTRUCT":w;
"STRUCTLEAK_BYREF_ALL":e -> "PAX_MEMORY_STRUCTLEAK":w;
"LATENT_ENTROPY":e -> "PAX_LATENT_ENTROPY":w;
"__ro_after_init":e -> "__read_only":w;
"SECURITY_DMESG_RESTRICT":e -> "GRKERNSEC_DMESG":w;
"STACKLEAK":e -> "PAX_MEMORY_STACKLEAK":w;
"ARM64: CPU_SW_DOMAIN_PAN":e -> "SMAP/PAN":w;
"ARM64: ARM64_SW_TTBR0_PAN":e -> "SMAP/PAN":w;
"STATIC_USERMODEHELPER":e -> grsecurity_hardened_usermodehelper:w;
"SLAB_FREELIST_HARDENED" -> grsecurity_hardened_freelist [constraint=false];
"RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET_DEFAULT":e -> "PAX_RANDKSTACK":w;
"mitigations=auto,nosmt":w -> "X86_64: pti=on (MITIGATION_PAGE_TABLE_ISOLATION)":w [style=invis, constraint=false]; // hackish, but good-looking
"mitigations=auto,nosmt":w -> "X86_64: pti=on (MITIGATION_PAGE_TABLE_ISOLATION)":w [penwidth=1.5, style=dashed, constraint=false];
"X86_64: spectre_v2":s -> "mitigations=auto,nosmt":w [penwidth=1.5, style=dashed, ltail=cluster_cwe514_mitigations_2];
// Vulnerabilities and Exploitation Techniques
{
rank=same;
// Vulnerabilities
node [shape=box, color=pink];
"Stack Depth Overflow (CWE-674,?)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/674.html"];
"Int Overflow/Underflow (CWE-190/191)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/190.html"];
"Use-After-Free (CWE-416)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/416.html"];
"Double Free (CWE-415)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/415.html"];
"Race Condition (CWE-362)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/362.html"];
"Undefined Behaviour (CWE-758)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/758.html"];
"Type Confusion (CWE-843)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/843.html"];
"Double Fetch (CWE-367)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/367.html"];
"Memory Leak (CWE-401)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/401.html"];
"Transient Execution Vulnerabilities (CWE-514)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/514.html"];
"Insufficient Entropy (CWE-331)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/331.html"];
// Exploitation Techniques
node [shape=box, color=gold];
"Kernel Objects Corruption";
"Allocator Data Corruption";
"Finding Kernel Objects";
"JIT Abuse";
"WX Area Abuse";
"Changing Kernel Image";
"Bad Module Loading";
"'ops' Structures Overwrite";
"Kernel Space Mirroring Attack";
"Paging Corruption";
}
subgraph cluster_oob {
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=25;
// Vulnerabilities
node [shape=box, color=pink];
"Heap Out-of-Bounds Access (CWE-122,119)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/122.html"];
"Stack Out-of-Bounds Access (CWE-121,119)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/121.html"];
"Global Variable Out-of-Bounds Access (CWE-?,119)" [fontsize=12, margin="0.04", URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/119.html"];
}
subgraph cluster_userspace_access {
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=35;
// Vulnerability
"NULL Pointer Dereference (CWE-476)" [shape=box, color=pink, URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/476.html"];
// Exploitation Technique
"Userspace Data Access" [shape=box, color=gold];
}
subgraph cluster_control_flow_hijack {
label=" Control Flow Hijack Techniques ";
fontsize=18;
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=35;
node [shape=box, color=gold]; // Exploitation Techniques
subgraph cluster_with_rop {
label="";
margin=35;
"ROP/JOP/COP";
"ret2usr + ROP/JOP/COP";
"ret2dir + ROP/JOP/COP";
}
"ret2usr";
"ret2dir";
"Return Address Overwrite" [fontsize=10.5];
}
subgraph cluster_heap_layout_control {
label="Heap Layout Control";
fontsize=18;
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=35;
node [shape=box, color=gold]; // Exploitation Techniques
"Heap Grooming";
"Slab Cache Slot Reuse";
"Cross-Cache Attack";
}
subgraph cluster_info_exposures {
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=25;
node [shape=box, color=pink]; // Vulnerabilities
"Info Exposure (CWE-200)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/200.html"];
"Uninitialized Memory Usage (CWE-908)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/908.html"];
}
subgraph cluster_hang {
label="";
rank=same;
style="invis";
margin=15;
node [shape=box, color=pink]; // Vulnerabilities
"Deadlock (CWE-833)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/833.html"];
"Infinite Loop (CWE-835)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/835.html"];
}
subgraph cluster_hw_attacks {
label="";
rank=same;
style="invis";
margin=25;
node [shape=box, color=gold]; // Exploitation Techniques
"DMA Attack";
"Platform Reset Attack";
}
// Bug Detection Mechanisms
{
rank=same;
node [shape=octagon, color=mediumpurple];
"UBSAN";
"KMSAN";
"KTSAN";
"KCSAN";
"KMEMLEAK";
"PROVE_LOCKING";
"DEBUG_ATOMIC_SLEEP";
"LOCKUP_DETECTOR";
"WQ_WATCHDOG";
"slub_debug=F"; // sanity checks
"slub_debug=Z"; // red zoning
}
subgraph cluster_uaf_detection {
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=15;
node [shape=octagon, color=mediumpurple]; // Bug Detection Mechanisms
"KASAN_GENERIC";
"KFENCE";
}
// Relations: Bug Detection Mechanisms vs Vulnerabilities
edge [style=solid, arrowhead=normal, dir=back, headport=_, tailport=_, penwidth=1.5];
"Global Variable Out-of-Bounds Access (CWE-?,119)":e -> "KASAN_GENERIC":w [ltail=cluster_oob];
"Use-After-Free (CWE-416)":e -> "KFENCE":w [lhead=cluster_uaf_detection];
"Double Free (CWE-415)":e -> "KASAN_GENERIC" [lhead=cluster_uaf_detection];
"Undefined Behaviour (CWE-758)":e -> "UBSAN":w;
"Int Overflow/Underflow (CWE-190/191)":e -> "UBSAN":w;
"Uninitialized Memory Usage (CWE-908)":e -> "KMSAN":w [ltail=cluster_info_exposures];
"Race Condition (CWE-362)":e -> "KTSAN":w;
"Race Condition (CWE-362)":e -> "KCSAN":w;
"Memory Leak (CWE-401)":e -> "KMEMLEAK":w;
"Deadlock (CWE-833)":e -> "PROVE_LOCKING":w;
"Deadlock (CWE-833)":e -> "DEBUG_ATOMIC_SLEEP":w;
"Infinite Loop (CWE-835)":e -> "LOCKUP_DETECTOR":w;
"Infinite Loop (CWE-835)":e -> "WQ_WATCHDOG":w;
"Heap Out-of-Bounds Access (CWE-122,119)":e -> "slub_debug=Z":w;
"Double Free (CWE-415)":e -> "slub_debug=F":w;
"Allocator Data Corruption":e -> "slub_debug=F":w;
"Heap Out-of-Bounds Access (CWE-122,119)":e -> "KFENCE":w;
// Relations: Defences vs Vulnerabilities and Exploitation Techniques
edge [style=solid, arrowhead=normal, dir=forward, headport=_, tailport=_];
"GRKERNSEC_KSTACKOVERFLOW":e -> "Stack Depth Overflow (CWE-674,?)":w;
"PAX_MEMORY_STACKLEAK":e -> "Stack Depth Overflow (CWE-674,?)":w;
"SCHED_STACK_END_CHECK":e -> "Stack Depth Overflow (CWE-674,?)":w;
"PAX_USERCOPY":e -> "Heap Out-of-Bounds Access (CWE-122,119)":w;
"ARM64: KASAN_HW_TAGS with ARM64_MTE":e -> "Heap Out-of-Bounds Access (CWE-122,119)":w;
"FORTIFY_SOURCE":e -> "Heap Out-of-Bounds Access (CWE-122,119)" [ltail=cluster_oob_detection, lhead=cluster_oob];
"PAX_USERCOPY":e -> "Stack Out-of-Bounds Access (CWE-121,119)":w;
"PAX_REFCOUNT":e -> "Int Overflow/Underflow (CWE-190/191)":w;
"PAX_SIZE_OVERFLOW":e -> "Int Overflow/Underflow (CWE-190/191)":w;
"PAX_MEMORY_STACKLEAK":e -> "Uninitialized Memory Usage (CWE-908)" [lhead=cluster_info_exposures];
"PAX_MEMORY_STRUCTLEAK":e -> "Uninitialized Memory Usage (CWE-908)" [ltail=cluster_stack_init, lhead=cluster_info_exposures];
"Heap free() Poisoning":e -> "Uninitialized Memory Usage (CWE-908)" [ltail=cluster_heap_erasing, lhead=cluster_info_exposures];
"Heap free() Poisoning":s -> "Use-After-Free (CWE-416)":w [ltail=cluster_heap_erasing];
"ARM64: KASAN_HW_TAGS with ARM64_MTE":e -> "Use-After-Free (CWE-416)":w;
"SLAB_FREELIST_HARDENED":e -> "Double Free (CWE-415)":w;
"ARM64: KASAN_HW_TAGS with ARM64_MTE":e -> "Double Free (CWE-415)":w;
"kptr_restrict":e -> "Info Exposure (CWE-200)":w [ltail=cluster_info_exposure_mitigations];
"DEBUG_{LIST,SG,NOTIFIERS,VIRTUAL}":e -> "Kernel Objects Corruption":w;
"BUG_ON_DATA_CORRUPTION":e -> "Kernel Objects Corruption":w;
"PROTECTABLE_MEMORY":e -> "Kernel Objects Corruption":w;
grsecurity_hardened_usermodehelper:e -> "Kernel Objects Corruption":w;
"Linux Kernel Runtime Guard":e -> "Kernel Objects Corruption":w;
grsecurity_hardened_freelist:e -> "Allocator Data Corruption":w;
"SLAB_FREELIST_HARDENED":e -> "Allocator Data Corruption":w;
"__read_only":e -> "'ops' Structures Overwrite":w [ltail=cluster_ro];
"SLAB_FREELIST_RANDOM":e -> "Heap Grooming":w;
"SHUFFLE_PAGE_ALLOCATOR":e -> "Heap Grooming":w;
"AUTOSLAB":e -> "Heap Grooming":w;
"AUTOSLAB":e -> "Slab Cache Slot Reuse":w;
"SLAB_BUCKETS":e -> "Slab Cache Slot Reuse":w;
"RANDOM_KMALLOC_CACHES":e -> "Slab Cache Slot Reuse":w;
"SLAB_PER_SITE":e -> "Slab Cache Slot Reuse":w;
"slab_nomerge":e -> "Slab Cache Slot Reuse":sw [lhead=cluster_heap_layout_control];
"SLAB_VIRTUAL":e -> "Cross-Cache Attack":w;
"STACKPROTECTOR":e -> "Return Address Overwrite":w;
"Backward-edge CFI":e -> "Return Address Overwrite":w;
"Backward-edge CFI":n -> "ROP/JOP/COP":s [lhead=cluster_control_flow_hijack, ltail=cluster_cfi];
"PAX_KERNEXEC":e -> "ret2usr":w;
"X86_64: pti=on (MITIGATION_PAGE_TABLE_ISOLATION)":e -> "ret2usr":w;
"SMEP/PXN":e -> "ret2usr":w;
"SMAP/PAN":s -> "ret2usr":w [ltail=cluster_smap_pan_uderef];
"PAX_UDEREF":n -> "Userspace Data Access":e [ltail=cluster_smap_pan_uderef, lhead=cluster_userspace_access];
"DEFAULT_MMAP_MIN_ADDR=65536":e -> "NULL Pointer Dereference (CWE-476)":w;
"SMAP/PAN":e -> "ret2usr + ROP/JOP/COP":w [ltail=cluster_smap_pan_uderef];
"PAX_KERNEXEC":e -> "ret2dir":w;
"XPFO":e -> "ret2dir":w;
"XPFO":e -> "ret2dir + ROP/JOP/COP":w;
"RANDOMIZE_BASE":e -> "Finding Kernel Objects":w [ltail=cluster_layout_randomization];
"PAX_LATENT_ENTROPY":e -> "Insufficient Entropy (CWE-331)":w;
"HW_RANDOM_TPM":e -> "Insufficient Entropy (CWE-331)":w;
"GRKERNSEC_JIT_HARDEN":e -> "JIT Abuse":w;
"bpf_jit_harden":e -> "JIT Abuse":w;
"PAX_KERNEXEC":e -> "WX Area Abuse":w;
"STRICT_{KERNEL,MODULE}_RWX":e -> "WX Area Abuse":w;
"DEBUG_WX":e -> "WX Area Abuse":w;
"ARM64: RODATA_FULL_DEFAULT_ENABLED":e -> "WX Area Abuse":w;
"LOCKDOWN_LSM":e -> "Changing Kernel Image":w;
"Linux Kernel Runtime Guard":e -> "Changing Kernel Image":w;
"GRKERNSEC_MODHARDEN":e -> "Bad Module Loading":w;
"MODULE_SIG*":e -> "Bad Module Loading":w;
"request_module_cap()":e -> "Bad Module Loading":w;
"LDISC_AUTOLOAD is not set":e -> "Bad Module Loading":w;
"mitigations=auto,nosmt":e -> "Transient Execution Vulnerabilities (CWE-514)":w [ltail=cluster_cwe514_mitigations];
"X86_64: pti=on (MITIGATION_PAGE_TABLE_ISOLATION)":e -> "Transient Execution Vulnerabilities (CWE-514)":w;
"Read-only swapper_pg_dir":e -> "Kernel Space Mirroring Attack":w;
"IOMMU_SUPPORT":e -> "DMA Attack":w [ltail=cluster_iommu];
"RESET_ATTACK_MITIGATION":e -> "Platform Reset Attack":w;
"PAGE_TABLE_CHECK*":e -> "Paging Corruption":w;
}